Today is August 14th. It's the 227th day of the year. 139 days remain. It's week 33 of the year.
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations
collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare
International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD
has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday,
January 17, 1980.
Before
this, the official site of record was on the
south side of Chicago at Midway
International Airport (MDW), beginning on Wednesday,
July 1, 1942. From Friday, January 1, 1926 through Tuesday, June 30, 1942, the official site was at the University of Chicago. Before that, the official site was
at various locations in Chicago going back to
Monday, October 16, 1871. Observations taken from
October 15, 1870 to October 8, 1871 were lost in
the Great Chicago Fire.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal
high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 33-year
averages at 81 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 (O'Hare's warmest August 14th) the high was 95 (O'Hare's hottest high of the date and our most recent 90s high) with the record warmest
low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a low of 75 (O'Hare's co-second warmest low of the date). The
record high of 99 was set in 1944 at Midway. 28 of the past 33 highs (85%) were in the: 70s (14) and 80s (14). Four highs were in the hot 90s. One high was in the cool 60s (67 in 1992). In 1959 the low was a warm 75 degrees (O'Hare's other co-second warmest low).
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1970
from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest
was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In
1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The
warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the
12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th. In 1967 the low was a cold
48 degrees which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high
was 76 with a cold low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That
low of 42 was colder than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with
a cold low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the
day's record low. In 1962 the high was a cool 70 degrees. In 1959 the
low was a warm 75 degrees.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 (O'Hare's co-second coolest August 14th) the high was 70 with a low of 50 (our most recent 50s low). In
1992 the high was 67 (our only 60s high) with a low of 56. In 1979 the
high was 70 with a low of 53. The other cold low was 51 in 1984. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record
coolest high of 65 occurred way back in 1885, at a time when the official readings
were taken adjacent to Lake Michigan. 30 of the last 33 lows (91%) were in the: 50s (12) and 60s (18). Three lows were in the warm 70s. O'Hare's coolest August 14th was in 1964 as the high was 76 with a low of 42 (a low colder than the official record low and O'Hare's coldest of the date). O'Hare's other co-second coolest August 14th was in 1963 as the high was 72 with a low of 48. 1967 also had a low of 48. These 48 degree lows are equal to the current official record low.
As you
can see, this is a day dominated by highs in the 70s or 80s and lows in
the 50s or 60s. There's an ongoing long stretch of such highs. This is
16 years from 1996 through last year, 2011. There were two long
stretches of such occurrences with the lows. The first was nine years
from 1979 through 1987. The second was 14 years from 1996 through 2009.
The
following
astronomical data
is
provided by
the
United
States
Naval
Observatory. In
Crystal
Lake,
twilight begins
at 5:30 and
sunrise is
at 6:00.
Sunset is at 19:55
and
twilight
ends at 20:25.
There's
a total
of 13 hours, 55 minutes of
daylight
today
and 14
hours,
55 minutes between
twilights.
We lost two minutes of daylight from
yesterday. Tomorrow
twilight
begins
at 5:31 and sunrise
is at 6:01.
The moon is waning
crescent. Illumination
was 12% at
midnight, will be 9% at noon
and 7% at
midnight
tonight. Moonrise was at 2:57 this
morning. Moonset is at 17:51 this afternoon. Moonrise is at 3:58 tomorrow morning. Moonlight
time is 14 hours, 54 minutes which is 16 minutes shorter
than yesterday.
Summer
began on June 4th and runs
for 110
days
through September 21st. High
temperatures
in
this
period
are
usually in
the 70s and 80s.
Highs in
the 90s and 100s occur
infrequently. Labor Day is in 20 days.
Showing posts with label August 14. Show all posts
Showing posts with label August 14. Show all posts
Thursday, August 16, 2012
Monday, August 15, 2011
August 14: ORD
Today is August 14th. It's the 226th day of the year. 139 days remain. It's week 33 of the year.
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 32-year averages at 81 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 the high was 95 with the record warmest low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a very warm low of 75. There were only two other 90s highs: both 90 degrees, in 1983 and a decade later in 1993. The only other 70s low was 72 last year, in 2010. The record high of 99 was set in 1944. 27 of the past 32 highs (84%) were in the: 70s (13) and 80s (14). Four highs were in the hot 90s and one was in the cool 60s.
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1970 from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In 1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the 12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th. In 1967 the low was a cold 48 degrees which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high was 76 with a cold low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That low of 42 was colder than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with a cold low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the day's record low. In 1962 the high was a cool 70 degrees. In 1959 the low was a warm 75 degrees.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. In 1992 the high was 67 (our only 60s high) with a low of 56. In 1979 the high was 70 with a low of 53. Other cool lows were 51 in 1984 and 52 in 1990. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record coolest high of 65 occurred way back in 1885. The official thermometer was located near Lake Michigan at the time. 29 of the last 32 lows (91%) were in the: 50s (12) and 60s (17). Three lows were in the warmer 70s.
As you can see, this is a day dominated by highs in the 70s or 80s and lows in the 50s or 60s. There's an ongoing long stretch of such highs. This is 15 years from 1996 through last year, 2010. There were two long stretches of such occurrences with the lows. The first was nine years from 1979 through 1987. The second was 14 years from 1996 through 2009.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight begins at 5:29 and sunrise is at 5:59. Sunset is at 19:56 and twilight ends at 20:26. There's a total of 13 hours, 57 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 57 minutes between twilights. We lost two minutes of daylight from yesterday. Tomorrow twilight begins at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:00. The moon is waning gibbous, having passed full yesterday at 13:57 as the full Sturgeon moon. Other names for this moon are Green Corn and Grain. Illumination was 100% at midnight, will be 99% at noon and 98% at midnight tonight. Moonset is at 6:56 this morning. Moonrise is at 20:03 tonight. Moonset is at 7:57 tomorrow morning. Moonlight time is 10 hours, 53 minutes which is 38 minutes longer than yesterday.
Summer began June 4 and runs for 110 days through September 21. High temperatures in this period are usually in the 70s and 80s. Highs in the 60s, 90s and 100s occur infrequently. Labor Day is in 22 days.
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 32-year averages at 81 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 the high was 95 with the record warmest low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a very warm low of 75. There were only two other 90s highs: both 90 degrees, in 1983 and a decade later in 1993. The only other 70s low was 72 last year, in 2010. The record high of 99 was set in 1944. 27 of the past 32 highs (84%) were in the: 70s (13) and 80s (14). Four highs were in the hot 90s and one was in the cool 60s.
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1970 from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In 1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the 12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th. In 1967 the low was a cold 48 degrees which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high was 76 with a cold low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That low of 42 was colder than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with a cold low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the day's record low. In 1962 the high was a cool 70 degrees. In 1959 the low was a warm 75 degrees.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. In 1992 the high was 67 (our only 60s high) with a low of 56. In 1979 the high was 70 with a low of 53. Other cool lows were 51 in 1984 and 52 in 1990. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record coolest high of 65 occurred way back in 1885. The official thermometer was located near Lake Michigan at the time. 29 of the last 32 lows (91%) were in the: 50s (12) and 60s (17). Three lows were in the warmer 70s.
As you can see, this is a day dominated by highs in the 70s or 80s and lows in the 50s or 60s. There's an ongoing long stretch of such highs. This is 15 years from 1996 through last year, 2010. There were two long stretches of such occurrences with the lows. The first was nine years from 1979 through 1987. The second was 14 years from 1996 through 2009.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight begins at 5:29 and sunrise is at 5:59. Sunset is at 19:56 and twilight ends at 20:26. There's a total of 13 hours, 57 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 57 minutes between twilights. We lost two minutes of daylight from yesterday. Tomorrow twilight begins at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:00. The moon is waning gibbous, having passed full yesterday at 13:57 as the full Sturgeon moon. Other names for this moon are Green Corn and Grain. Illumination was 100% at midnight, will be 99% at noon and 98% at midnight tonight. Moonset is at 6:56 this morning. Moonrise is at 20:03 tonight. Moonset is at 7:57 tomorrow morning. Moonlight time is 10 hours, 53 minutes which is 38 minutes longer than yesterday.
Summer began June 4 and runs for 110 days through September 21. High temperatures in this period are usually in the 70s and 80s. Highs in the 60s, 90s and 100s occur infrequently. Labor Day is in 22 days.
Sunday, August 15, 2010
August 14: ORD
Today is August 14th. It's the 226th day of the year. 139 days remain. It's week 33 of the year.
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 31-year averages at 81 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 the high was 95 with the record warmest low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a very warm low of 75. There were only two other 90s highs: 90 in both 1983 and a decade later in 1993. The record high of 99 was set in 1944. Over the last 31 years, 26 highs (84%) were: 70s (13) and 80s (13). Four highs were in the warmer 90s and one high was in the cooler 60s.
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1970 from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In 1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the 12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th. In 1967 the low was a cool 48 which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high was 76 with a cool low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That low of 42 was cooler than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with a low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the day's record low. In 1962 the high was a cool 70. In 1959 the low was a warm 75.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. The other cool low was 51 in 1984. Other cool highs were 67 in 1992 and 70 in 1979. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record coolest high of 65 was set way back in 1885. The official thermometer was located near Lake Michigan at the time. Over the last 31 years, 29 lows (94%) were: 50s (12) and 60s (17). Two lows were in the warmer 70s.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight begins at 5:29 and sunrise was at 6:00. Sunset is at 19:56 and civil twilight ends at 20:26. Nautical twilight ends at 21:03 and astronomical twilight ends at 21:43. There's a total of 13 hours, 56 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 57 minutes between twilights. We are losing two or three minutes of daylight a day. Tomorrow twilight begins at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:01. The moon is waxing crescent. Illumination was 23% at midnight, will be 29% at noon and 34% at midnight tonight. Moonrise was at 11:43 this morning. Moonset is at 22:07 tonight. Moonrise is at 12:56 tomorrow afternoon. Moonlight time is 10 hours, 24 minutes which is 43 minutes shorter than yesterday. -Bernie-
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 31-year averages at 81 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 the high was 95 with the record warmest low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a very warm low of 75. There were only two other 90s highs: 90 in both 1983 and a decade later in 1993. The record high of 99 was set in 1944. Over the last 31 years, 26 highs (84%) were: 70s (13) and 80s (13). Four highs were in the warmer 90s and one high was in the cooler 60s.
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1970 from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In 1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the 12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th. In 1967 the low was a cool 48 which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high was 76 with a cool low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That low of 42 was cooler than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with a low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the day's record low. In 1962 the high was a cool 70. In 1959 the low was a warm 75.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. The other cool low was 51 in 1984. Other cool highs were 67 in 1992 and 70 in 1979. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record coolest high of 65 was set way back in 1885. The official thermometer was located near Lake Michigan at the time. Over the last 31 years, 29 lows (94%) were: 50s (12) and 60s (17). Two lows were in the warmer 70s.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight begins at 5:29 and sunrise was at 6:00. Sunset is at 19:56 and civil twilight ends at 20:26. Nautical twilight ends at 21:03 and astronomical twilight ends at 21:43. There's a total of 13 hours, 56 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 57 minutes between twilights. We are losing two or three minutes of daylight a day. Tomorrow twilight begins at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:01. The moon is waxing crescent. Illumination was 23% at midnight, will be 29% at noon and 34% at midnight tonight. Moonrise was at 11:43 this morning. Moonset is at 22:07 tonight. Moonrise is at 12:56 tomorrow afternoon. Moonlight time is 10 hours, 24 minutes which is 43 minutes shorter than yesterday. -Bernie-
Saturday, August 15, 2009
August 14: ORD
Today is August 14th. It's the 226th day of the year. 139 days remain. It's week 33 of the year.
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 30-year averages at 80 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 the high was 95 with the record warmest low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a very warm low of 75. There were only two other 90s highs: 90 in both 1983 and 1993. The record high of 99 was set in 1944. Over the last 30 years, 25 highs were: 70s (13) and 80s (12). Four highs were in the warmer 90s and one high was in the cooler 60s.
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1972 the high was 92. In 1970 from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In 1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the 12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th, and there were lows of 71 on both the 15th and 18th. In 1967 the low was 48 which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high was 76 with a low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That low of 42 was cooler than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with a low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the day's record low. In 1959 the high was 90 with a low of 75. The low qualifies as significantly above normal.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. The other low 50s lows were 51 in 1984 and 52 in 1990. The highs not to make it out of the low 70s were 67 in 1992, 70 in 1979 and 72 in 1994. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record coolest high of 65 was set way back in 1885. The official thermometer was located near Lake Michigan at the time. Over the last 30 years, 28 lows were: 50s (12) and 60s (16). Two lows were in the warmer 70s.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight is at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:00. Sunset is at 19:55 and twilight ends at 20:25. Tomorrow twilight begins at 5:31 and sunrise is at 6:01. There's a total of 13 hours, 55 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 55 minutes between twilights. The moon reached last quarter yesterday at 13:55. The moon is waning crescent. Illumination was 45% at midnight, will be 39% at noon and 34% at midnight tonight. Moonrise was last night at 23:20. Moonset is at 15:13 this afternoon. Moonrise is at 9 minutes past midnight tonight. Moonset is at 16:19 tomorrow afternoon. Moonlight time is 15 hours, 13 minutes which is 31 minutes longer than yesterday.
My tennis coach, Bob Finder, will be 77 in five days. Steve Campbell and Christina, a sister of mine, celebrate their seventh anniversary in six days. -Bernie-
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. ORD has been the official site of record for Chicago since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. I've calculated the 30-year averages at 80 and 62.
On the hot side, in 1995 the high was 95 with the record warmest low of 79. In 1988 the high was 92 with a very warm low of 75. There were only two other 90s highs: 90 in both 1983 and 1993. The record high of 99 was set in 1944. Over the last 30 years, 25 highs were: 70s (13) and 80s (12). Four highs were in the warmer 90s and one high was in the cooler 60s.
In looking back through the years to the first August at O'Hare in 1959, the following instances were notable: In 1972 the high was 92. In 1970 from the 11th through the 17th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 15th. Lows were at least 62 except for 57 on the 17th. In 1969 from the 12th through the 18th, highs were at least 85. The warmest was 88 on the 14th. Lows were at least 68 except for 61 on the 12th. The warmest low was 74 on the 14th, and there were lows of 71 on both the 15th and 18th. In 1967 the low was 48 which is equal to the day's record low. In 1964 the high was 76 with a low of 42, a 34 degree spread and a cool day. That low of 42 was cooler than the record low. In 1963 the high was 72 with a low of 48, a cool day. That low of 48 was also equal to the day's record low. In 1959 the high was 90 with a low of 75. The low qualifies as significantly above normal.
More recently, there was a large spread of 33 degrees in 1984 (84/51).
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. The other low 50s lows were 51 in 1984 and 52 in 1990. The highs not to make it out of the low 70s were 67 in 1992, 70 in 1979 and 72 in 1994. The record low of 48 was set at Midway in 1964. The record coolest high of 65 was set way back in 1885. The official thermometer was located near Lake Michigan at the time. Over the last 30 years, 28 lows were: 50s (12) and 60s (16). Two lows were in the warmer 70s.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight is at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:00. Sunset is at 19:55 and twilight ends at 20:25. Tomorrow twilight begins at 5:31 and sunrise is at 6:01. There's a total of 13 hours, 55 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 55 minutes between twilights. The moon reached last quarter yesterday at 13:55. The moon is waning crescent. Illumination was 45% at midnight, will be 39% at noon and 34% at midnight tonight. Moonrise was last night at 23:20. Moonset is at 15:13 this afternoon. Moonrise is at 9 minutes past midnight tonight. Moonset is at 16:19 tomorrow afternoon. Moonlight time is 15 hours, 13 minutes which is 31 minutes longer than yesterday.
My tennis coach, Bob Finder, will be 77 in five days. Steve Campbell and Christina, a sister of mine, celebrate their seventh anniversary in six days. -Bernie-
Thursday, August 14, 2008
August 14: ORD
Today is August 14th. It's the 227th day of the year. 139 days remain.
Unless noted, the following data is based upon observations collected by the National Weather Service, Chicago, at O'Hare International Airport (ORD) between November 1978 and last year. Observations have been official at O'Hare since Thursday, January 17, 1980.
According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the normal high is 82 and the normal low is 63. The 29-year averages are 81 and 62.
On the cool side, in 2004 the high was 70 with a low of 50. In 1979 the high was 70 with a low of 53. In 1992 the only 60s high of 67 occurred with a low of 56. Other cool lows were 51 in 1984 and 52 in 1990. 27 of the 29 lows so far have been in the 50s (12) and 60s (15). The record low of 48 was set in 1964 and the record coolest high of 65 was set way back in 1885.
The following astronomical data is provided by the United States Naval Observatory. In Crystal Lake, twilight begins at 5:30 and sunrise is at 6:00. Sunset is at 19:55 and twilight ends at 20:25. Twilight tomorrow begins at 5:31 and sunrise is at 6:01. There's a total of 13 hours, 55 minutes of daylight today and 14 hours, 55 minutes between twilights. The moon is waxing gibbous and heading towards the full Sturgeon moon which is coming up this Saturday at 16:16. Moon illumination was 93% at midnight, is 95% at noon and 97% at midnight tonight. Moonset is at 3:25, moonrise is at 18:56 and moonset is at 4:31 tomorrow. Moonlight time is 8 hours, 29 minutes today.
In five days my tennis coach, Bob Finder, will be 76 years old. He is a testament that age has nothing to do with ability and performance. He is a master of the sport and is a shining example of the wealth of knowledge our elders can give us, provided we just take the time to listen. -Bernie-
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